Tibet 西藏

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Tibet Autonomous Region (西藏自治区 Xīzàng Zìzhìqū) is a province-level region of the People's Republic of China. It is governed by a People's Government, led by a Chairman. In practice, however, the Chairman is subordinate to the branch secretary of the Communist Party of China. As a matter of convention, the Chairman has almost always been an ethnic Tibetan, while the party secretary has almost always been a non-Tibetan. The current Chairman is Padma Choling and the current party secretary is Zhang Qingli, who was previously the party secretary of Tai'an and Lanzhou, and commander of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.

Tibet is truly the roof of the world. This high plateau in the far west of China is set along the northern edge of the Himalayas. Here you find many of the worlds highest mountains including the famous Mount Everest. Tibet is one of the least populated regions of China. As such, it remains largely unspoilt by modernity. Here you will find peasants and monks living a lifestyle that has remained unchanged since time immemorial. Lasha, the capital city of the region, is the main destination for tourists. The key tourist attraction being the Potala Palace in the centre of the city.

To the north, Tibet borders Xinjiang and Qinghai regions. To the east lies Sichuan province. Yunnan province is to the south east. The souther borders of Tibet mark the international borders with several countries including India, Bhutan and Nepal. Few roads and only one rail line cross Tibet, which is extremely high in altitude and very mountainous. The vast distances between towns and cities means that most tourists only visit a few of the most well known tourists sites. 

Travel within Tibet is usually no problem. However, at certain times the Chinese government posts travel restrictions on foreigners visiting this region at short notice. Thus if you are planing visit Tibet, it is advisable to have a backup plan just in case. At all times, foreign tourists are required to apply for a special travel permit to enter the region. This permit is in addition to your visa for entering China. Your tour operator will be able to arrange this permit for you.

Tourist Attractions

Below is a list of tourist attractions in Tibet:

Jokhang Temple in Tibet (西藏大昭寺; Xīzàng dà zhāo sì): This tourist attraction is listed as a UNESCO World Herritage Site. This tourist attraction is rates as AAAA on China's national tourism scale.

Potala Palace in Tibet (西藏布达拉宫; Xīzàng bù dá lā gōng): This tourist attraction is listed as a UNESCO World Herritage Site. This tourist attraction is rates as AAAA on China's national tourism scale.

People and Culture

Demographics

The Tibet Autonomous Region has the lowest population density among China's province-level administrative regions, mostly due to its mountainous and harsh geographical features.

In 2000, 92.8% of the population were ethnic Tibetans, who mainly adhere to Tibetan Buddhism and Bön.

Han Chinese comprised 6.1% of the population However, the region has seen some Han migrants began early in the decade, especially since the 2006 completion of a railway line linking Tibet with the rest of China.

Muslim ethnic groups such as the Hui and the Salar have long inhabited Tibet Autonomous Region. Another Muslim group is the Tibetan Muslims, who are ethnically Tibetans but believe in Islam. They are counted as Tibetans by the Chinese government.

Smaller tribal groups such as the Monpa and Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.

Industry

The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture. Due to limited arable land, livestock raising is the primary occupation on the Tibetan Plateau. This includes the raising of sheep, cattle, goats, camels, yaks, donkeys and horses. The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, oats, rapeseeds, cotton and assorted fruits and vegetables. In recent years the economy has begun evolving into a multiple structure with agriculture and tertiary industry developing side by side.

Development of GDP

Tibet's GDP in 2008 was 39.6 billion yuan. The Central Chinese government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditure.

In recent years Tibet's tourism has expanded rapidly, especially after the finish of Qingzang Railway in July 2006. Tibet received 2.5 million tourists in 2006, including 150,000 foreigners. According to the Chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Qiangba Puncog, Tibet's economy has grown on average 12% per year from 2000 to 2006. The per capita GDP reached 10,000 RMB in 2006 for the first time in Tibet's history.

In the first six months of 2008, economic growth in Tibet was halved after the Lhasa riots led to a slump in tourism, consumption and output. The region’s economy expanded 7.4 percent in the period from 2007, down from 14.7 percent in the year-earlier period.

Development efforts

From January 18-20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by Chinese President Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. The country has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years. 

Tourism

Tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the Potala Palace in Lhasa, there are many other popular tourist destinations including Jokhang Temple, Namtso Lake, and Tashilhunpo Monastery. Some areas remain restricted to tourists. To visit tibet, foreign tourists must apply for a entry permit from the Tibet police. Most tourist agents in China will be able to assist you in getting this entry permit.

Geography

Tibet is in the west of China. It consists of a high plateau that forms the northern part of the Himalaya mountain range. The southern edge of Tibet borders India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. To the north lies the Chinese provinces of Xinjiang and Qinhai. To the east are the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), is the highest mountain on earth, located on the border with Nepal. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Zangbo River (Brahmaputra River).[53] The Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Zangbo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tibetan: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches, due to the rain shadow effect whereby mountain ranges prevent moisture from the ocean from reaching the plateaus. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversable all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation beyond the size of low bushes, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

The current effective eastern part of the boundary between China and India is the McMahon Line. South of the McMahon Line between China and India, the region popularly known in China as South Tibet, is claimed by People's Republic of China as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It is currently administered by India as the majority part of the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Tibetan cultural influences extend to the neighboring states of Bhutan, Nepal, regions of India such as Sikkim, Ladakh, Lahaul, and Spiti, and adjacent provinces of China where Tibetan Buddhism is the predominant religion.

Cities, towns and villages

Map	#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Wylie	Type
	1	Ngari	阿里地区	Ālǐ Dìqū	Mnga'-ris Sa-khul	Prefecture
	2	Nagqu	那曲地区	Nàqū Dìqū	Nag-chu Sa-khul	Prefecture
	3	Qamdo	昌都地区	Chāngdū Dìqū	Chab-mdo Sa-khul	Prefecture
	4	Xigazê	日喀则地区	Rìkāzé Dìqū	Gzhis-ka-rtse Sa-khul	Prefecture
	5	Lhasa	拉萨市	Lāsà Shì	Lha-sa Grong-khyer	Prefecture-level city
	6	Shannan	山南地区	Shānnán Dìqū	Lho-kha Sa-khul	Prefecture
	7	Nyingchi	林芝地区	Línzhī Dìqū	Nying-khri Sa-khul	Prefecture

There are over 800 settlements in Tibet. Lhasa is Tibet's traditional capital and the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region. It contains two world heritage sites – the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, which were the residences of the Dalai Lama. Lhasa contains a number of significant temples and monasteries, including Jokhang and Ramoche Temple.

Shigatse is the second largest city in Tibet, west of Lhasa. Gyantse and Chamdo are also amongst the largest.

Other cities in cultural Tibet include, Nagchu, Nyingchi, Nedong, Barkam, Sakya, Gartse, Pelbar, Lhatse, and Tingri; in Sichuan, Kangding (Dartsedo); in Qinghai, Jyekundo or Yushu, Machen, and Golmud. There is also a large Tibetan settlement in South India near Kushalanagara. India created this settlement for Tibetan refugees who had fled to India.

Transport

The airports in Tibet are Gonggar Airport in Lhasa, Bamda Airport in Qamdo Prefecture and Mainling airport in Nyingchi Airport. The Gunsa Airport in Ngari is expected to start operation on July 1, 2010, to become the fourth civil airport on the "Roof of the World". Peace Airport for Xigaze prefecture would be completed before the end of 2010. Nagqu Dagring Airport is expected to have the world's highest altitude airport by 2011 at 4,436 meters above sea level.

Lhasa is linked by rail, across Tibet and Qinghai, to many other cities in China. Direct trains run to and from Beijing. This is the highest railway in the world.